Wednesday 1 March 2017

Gustave, The Infamous Killer Croc!


  Personally, I have a default fear of crocodiles since I was little. But the phobia started to become clearer when I dreamt nightmares of it multiple times in a short period. But anyways, I decided to share some knowledge about crocodiles and thinking about it... Gustave is the best thing to start with.

en.wikipedia.org


  Gustave was a male crocodile of the species Nile Crocodile (crocodylus niloticus) and is estimated to be around 60 years old. Gustave is notorious for killing up to 300 people from the banks of Ruzizi River and the northern shores of Lake Tanganyika (Burundi, Central Africa).

psicinvest.com
www.globalgreatlakes.org



















Of course, 300 victims doesn't seem like a high value but for an individual crocodile doing all the man-eating by himself; it is a large number. Because Gustave has never been captured, there is no specific or official measurements of him but it was said to be "easily longer than 20 feet".  There were also residents that proposed the measurement 25 feet, which is an outstanding size since the largest crocodile ever lived was Lolong ( 20 ft 3 in); which died in captivity on February 2013.

clearlyexplained.com


A lot of  facts collected regarding Gustave has no solid proof and are taken on an oral basis. For example, the residents mentioned seeing three bullet scars on his body and a deep wound on his right shoulder blade. His uncommon size and weight prevents him from hunting the crocodile's usual, agile diet such as fishes, antelopes and zebras. Because of this incapacity, Gustave had to prey on animals like hippopotamus, large wildebeest and to some extent, humans.


Usual Diet of Crocodiles (livescience.com & animaliaz-life.com)



Gustave's Diet (www.sundestinations.co.za & digipraim.com)

  Attempts of capturing Gustave were made by Patrice Faye and his team of scientists under a period of two months. The first attempt included a trap cage weighing a tonne (1000 kg) and reaching a length of 9 meters being installed near Gustave's usual location.  They placed a hidden infrared camera inside the cage to be able to document the attempt even without visible light. Several baits were used but none of them attracted Gustave nor any other animals.

Then, they decided to install three giant snares on strategic banks and locations. Smaller crocodiles were captured but unfortunately, none of them were Gustave. The last week before the end of 2 months, they placed a live goat in a cage to draw Gustave into the trap. One night, the infrared camera had failed due to the stormy weather and the water level rose up higher than usual. The next morning, the cage was partially submerged into the river and the goat had disappeared. Nobody knew whether Gustave or any other crocodile had taken the live goat and ran away.

The last reported sightings of Gustave was on June 2015 where a resident claimed that Gustave dragged an adult bull buffalo into the river. 

Gustave may still be alive, and he's highly likely to still be after all the threats and traps he endured. But the question is... where is he now? 






Friday 2 September 2016

5 Cannibalistic Animals

   
 Cannibalism is the act of an individual species consuming another individual of the same species for food. A lot of people would look at cannibalism among animals in a horrible way; but it is actually very common in the ecological interaction. And a lot of you might assume that cannibalism happens among most carnivores, but it is actually more often among herbivores and detritivores.

This list won't be providing all animals with 'cannibalistic' behavior since there are up to 1, 500 documented animals eating their own species all over the world. Instead, this list will be compiling 5 animals with common and interesting cannibalism acts.

Please take note that this is not a 'ranking' but just a mere list. I will also be excluding 'sexual cannibalism'.

1.Cats


en.wikipedia.com
















 Male cats eat the offspring to bring the female cat back to 'heat'.
Female cats rarely eat their litters but if it happens, it is of a perfectly reasonable explanation. Cannibalism usually occurs on the mother's 2nd pregnancy due to the mother prioritizing self-preservation. It might have been drained of significant resources from the 1st pregnancy . Sometimes, females eat the larger litters and leave the newborn with higher survival rate to live. They also occasionally consume the weak and sickly litters, justifying it with the reason of saving maternal investments.

2.Frogs


www.popsci.com













-A lot of studies and observations have been done that proves some of the frog species to be 'cannibalistic'. One of them is the African Bullfrog. They eat a lot of things including insects, small rodents, reptiles, small birds and other amphibians. Sometimes, they also eat the tadpoles that they're guarding.
Cannibalism of frogs mostly happens among the young-lings which are the tadpoles. Even though they consume their pond mates or siblings, they're not vile or ruthless creatures. They will only eat the other tadpoles when resources are scarce; so we can conclude that it's a 'survival nature' among the tadpoles.
- Researchers have stated that Biodiversity affects the appetite of frogs. Cannibalism is most likely to be found in a habitat full of frogs rather than a location with the lesser population.

3.Octopuses
www.zmescience.com











The cannibalism act of octopuses has only been recently discovered. They've been caught in the act for 3 times, providing enough evidence to prove it's cannibalistic behavior.
--> The first case was when a diver removed stones from the opening of a den to reveal a male octopus weighing 2kg, feasting on a dead octopus (0.5kg).
--> The second case was another diver witnessing a larger male octopus (2.2kg) carrying another octopus (roughly 0.54kg) in it's arms. It was stated that the victim was not yet dead due to the witness seeing it moving it's arms(tentacles) and trying to break free. Upon seeing the diver, the octopus immediately released the victim.
After all of this incident, it was confirmed that the octopuses eat other octopuses even WITH other meal options; which leans to non-survival related cannibalism.

Check out 'Top 10 Most Highly Intelligent Animals' !

4.Sand Tiger Sharks
www.fineartamerica.com













The Sand Tiger Sharks have been a famous subject in cannibalism due to the act of consuming the same species since they were embryos. Yes, embryos.
This type of cannibalism is called Intrauterine Cannibalism which means cannibalism within the uterus.
-There are two types of Intrauterine Cannibalism:
*Embryophagy/Adelphophagy (eating one's brother)
 The largest and strongest embryo consumes it's lesser womb-mates.

*Oophagy/Oviphagy (egg-eating)
-This type of Intrauterine Cannibalism is more common among Sand Tiger Sharks where developing embryos feed on a steady supply of tiny, unfertilized eggs.
Oophagy Cannibalism has been documented since 1907.

Check out 'The Most Dangerous Shark on Earth'

5.Polar Bears
assets.worldwildlife.org












Polar Bears are a new case in the cannibalism world since the worsening of global warming. Researchers have concluded that this behavior was resorted because of the difficulties in getting their main diet which are the seals. During Summer and Autumn, seals will usually move to a different location (further North) which is beyond the Polar Bears' reach. This scenario has lead the polar bear species to resort to cannibalism. A lot of cases have included big, male polar bears feeding on the small cubs.

 
Thanks for reading!

Sunday 24 July 2016

Why Are There 'Black and White' Animals?


    It's nothing new about me, but I actually have a certain devotion towards animals with black and white as their main color. The contrast of their color with nature brings so much more attractiveness and interest in them. This is because most animals have matching or related colors to nature (for example green, brown, orange, grey, etc) so that they can either blend in or camouflage.

But what about these black and white animals? What is the purpose of their contradicting color? I have the explanation to my top 5 black and white animals!

5. Skunks
www.ask.com














Let them blow your hate comments away with their strong, offensive odor! Skunks are notorious for their anal scent glands which acts as a defensive weapon against the predators. 
The odor is strong enough to prevent bears and other potential attackers from approaching them.
This extremely functional defense mechanism can be sprayed to as far as 3 meters and can be smelled from a mile (1.5 km) away by a human nose.
Their black and white fur is a warning coloration to make them memorable to the predators so that they won't need to waste their limited amount of liquid.


4. Zebras
www.techtimes.com
 A lot of theories and hypotheses have been proposed to justify their unique black and white striped pattern. One of them is the vertical striping which helps to hide in the grass and disrupts their outlines. This is also another way of camouflaging in the desert while they're consuming grasses. Another theory mentioned it as a way to confuse predators by motion dazzle. For example, a group of zebras standing or moving together creates a large mass of flickering stripes or simply, illusions which makes it difficult for the predator to pick a target. 
 
Another interesting reason includes the ability to attract fewer flies. This advantage applies on tsetse flies and also horseflies. Flies are commonly attracted to linearly polarized light and the black and white stripes of zebras are able to disrupt the pattern.

3. White Tigers
www.huffingtonpost.com














White Tigers are a variant of Bengal Tigers which populates mostly in India. The white fur is because of the lack of the pigment pheomelanin which gives the Bengal Tigers their orange fur. Since tigers are on top of the food chain, camouflaging is not a priority.

www.art.com















 This endangered animal lives mostly in captivity; a lot of them are kept in Indian zoos and centers. White Tiger grows larger and heavier than Bengal tigers where their biggest and heaviest record is 3 meters and 230kg respectively.

Check out "How to Differentiate Patterns of Big Cats" !

    
2. Pandas
www.sandiegozoo.org












Pandas are such adorable cupcakes! They were discovered very recently (1869) and has been regarded as a unique and bizarre creature. This bear is native to the South Central China and has been classified as endangered. 

99% of the time, their main diet is bamboos and only bamboos. But they occasionally eat other grasses, wild tubers and even meats of birds, rodents and carrion. The reason behind their black and white coloration is still unknown but speculations were made; their bold coloring provides effective camouflage in their shade-dappled snowy and rocky environment. Fair enough.


1. Orcas
www.seatoskyexpeditions.com












Also known as the Killer Whale, this dolphin-but-whale-ish creature attracted my attention the most. Orcas appeared 11 million years ago which gained a lot of attention because of it's black and white color.  The 'disruptive coloration' makes a pattern which obscures the outline of it's body. This function works the same as the zebras' vertical pattern on their body. Another explanation for their coloration is camouflaging.  Their dark color on top blends in with the dark ocean depths when you view it on top. And similar to that, the white belly camouflages to the brighter sea surface when viewed from below. 

chickensmoothie.com

The white oval spots at each side of the head also works as a camouflaging purpose. First of all it enhances their actual eyes and helps them appear more powerful than they actually are. Secondly, the white spots works as false eyes where it protects the real eyes in case of attacks.








Check out "10 Most Highly Intelligent Animals" !

Other honorable mentions includes penguins, lemurs and tapirs (I LOVE TAPIRS)!

So the conclusion of their odd coloration is actually the same with other animals of natural colors. It's mostly camouflaging or bending in to their habitat and environment; only with a different reasoning.

Thanks for reading!

Monday 13 June 2016

10 Dolphin Fun Facts!


    Dolphins are easily one of the most adorable, living creatures on Earth! Not only are they playful and fun to be with, they're also very tolerant and comfortable around humans, which emphasizes the need for us to know more about them!

http://wallpapers55.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/artistic-dolphin-wallpaper-yunus.jpg
wallpaper55.com
















 So, let's dig into these 10 Fun Facts!


1. Dolphins sleep with one eye open! This helps the half side of the brain to rest while the active side is to watch out for predators.
 

2. Despite being a fully aquatic animal, Dolphins cannot drink the sea water because it can cause illness and even death. They get their liquid needs from the food that they consume for example, fishes and squids.

http://listdose.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/dolphins-kill-their-babies.jpg
listdose.com













3. Being one of the most intelligent creatures on Earth, dolphins can communicate, interact and use variety of tools! They also have empathy and morality, which can be seen when they save swimmers from hammerhead sharks and guided lost whales back to the sea.

Watch "Dolphin Saves Diver from Hammerhead Sharks" !


4. The largest dolphin species is the Killer Whale (Orca), which can reach the length of 9.8 meters!

www.tes.com













5. Most species of dolphins can hold their breath for 5-10 minutes. Bottlenose Dolphins can hold up to 7 minutes, a Beluga for 12 minutes and an Orca for 20 minutes!


6. Although Dolphins have from 8 to 250 total of teeth, they don't use it for chewing because they don't have jaw muscles. Instead, they take a full fish into their mouth and swallow it as a whole.


 7. Unlike other fishes, a dolphin swims by moving it's tail up and down.

      A video of "Swimming Dolphins" !



 8. A dolphin's brain is the 2nd (next to humans) most powerful and complex brain amongst animals.
cnx.org




Read "Top 10 Most Highly Intelligent Animals" !


9. Ever heard of the dolphin's cute squeaks and whistles? It didn't come out of their mouth but from their blowholes! The dolphins also breathe through the blowholes which is located on top of their heads.

commons.wikimedia.org















  10. Dolphin echolocation clicks are amongst the loudest sounds made by marine animals!

Read "Loudest Mammal on Earth" !


Despite being constantly loved and adored, the population of Dolphins is still decreasing. One of the major factors are caused by climate changes, oil spills and harmful tuna fishing practices. 

We can do a lot to help communities and organizations to conserve dolphins. We can adopt a dolphin (which is more fun than you can probably imagine), donate, and even join clubs or campaigns!

Links to "Adopt a Dolphin".

Adopt a Porpoise

Adopt a Dolphin

Adopt a Dolphin UK 

Pacific Whale Foundation

Links to "Donate".

The Wild Dolphin Foundation

WDC, Whale and Dolphin Conservation 

Australia for Dolphins 

 




Friday 10 June 2016

10 Lion Fun Facts!

   
         I figured that it would be a shame if we don't know much about lions since they are The Kings of the Jungles! And if it's not for that, it's for the valuable knowledge itself, whether it is applicable in future examinations or helpful in future "situations".

So here are 10 Fun Facts about lions that we need to know!

1. The roar of a lion can be heard from 8 kilometers away. Roughly saying, when you walk away from a roaring lion for 1 hour and 45 minutes, you can still hear a minimal roar.

99pcwallpapers.com

















2. How do male lions attract lionesses? The answer is to have darker and thicker manes.

http://dingo.care2.com/pictures/greenliving/1020/1019565.large.jpg
dingo.care2.com

















3. Lions are called the "King of the Jungle" because they have raw strength and are fearless towards any other animals.


4.  The biggest cat in the world is Hercules, which is a hybrid offspring of a male lion and a tigress (liger). He is 131 inches long and 49 inches tall (at the shoulders) which results to a mass of 922 pounds.

ourplnt.com
















5fact.com














 5. Lions are notorious man-eaters, killing over 250 people every year. One of the famous incident includes the Tsavo Man-Eaters, which is a pair of maneless male Tsavo lions, responsible for 35 human deaths in a duration of 9 months in Kenya.


en.wikipedia.org


















6. Lions spend most of their day resting for about 20 hours, while the lionesses hunt for food.
 

7. Despite awarded with the title "King of the Jungle", in a battle of lions vs tigers, tigers have evidently won almost all the battles. Ouch.

superskill1995.deviantart.com


















8. Lions have great night visions, being 6 times more sensitive to light compared to humans. This ability helps and benefits a lion to prey during night time.


9. While the females eat 5 kilograms of meat per day, the males need an additional amount of 2 kg, despite resting the whole day.



10. Lions have an evident record of homosexuality for both males and females. A pair of males have been observed to initiate homosexual activity with affectionate nuzzling and caressing. Female pairings have been observed in captivity but not in the wild.

www.dailymail.co.uk






 










 So, thank you for reading and hopefully after reading this short presentation, lions will have a special place in our hearts!


You can also help to save the decreasing population of lions by donating to the rightful organizations:


Lion Charity

Saving the Lion Foundation

LionAid

Born Free Foundation


All your support is highly needed and greatly appreciated!




Wednesday 8 June 2016

Happy World Oceans Day! 15 Fun Facts To Celebrate the Oceans!

    In honor of the International Ocean Day, I'll be compiling 15 fun facts of the beautiful, blue oceans! Let's begin:

1.The largest ocean on Earth is the Pacific Ocean, which originally means "Peaceful Sea", (Mar Pacifico) in both Portuguese and Spanish. The Pacific Ocean covers 30% of the world's surface.
Source: gowild.wwf.org.uk

Source: www.transpacific.com


2.The Mariana Trench is the deepest part of the ocean which is located in the Pacific Ocean, with an estimated length of 2,550 km and width of 69 km.

Source:www.ilike2learn.com

https://www.scmp.com/sites/default/files/2015/07/16/719f84915d65bb7bb3b4fccfc2fdce90.jpg
Source: www.scmp.com


3. The concentration of salt in seawater is about 35 parts per thousand, which equals to roughly every one liter of seawater containing 35 grams of dissolved salt. The Dead Sea, has the highest concentration of salt in seawater, being 10 times saltier than the Pacific Ocean, making it possible for people to naturally float on the surface!

http://deadseaonlineshop.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/dead-sea-coast.jpg
deadseaonlineshop.com


shalomisraeltours.com



4.Over 1 Million animals and plants are living in the ocean and there are about 9 Million more to be discovered!

www.pinterest.com


5. There are only 5 Oceans in the world which includes the Pacific Ocean, The Atlantic Ocean, The Indian Ocean, The Arctic Ocean and The Southern Antarctica Ocean.



www.earthonlinemedia.com

6. 90% of all volcanic activity occurs in the oceans.

guardianlv.com


7. Antartica has as much ice as Atlantic Ocean has water!

www.tes.com


8. Plastic is the most common element to be found in oceans, which contributes to the deaths of marine animals. This is because some of them had mistaken the plastics as their food.

http://cdn1.relevantmediagroup.com/sites/default/files/field/thumbnail/plasticbag.jpg
relevantmediagroup.com


9. A mouthful of seawater can contain millions of bacterial cells, hundred thousands of phytoplankton, and thousands of zoo-plankton! 

biosoceanacademy.blogspot.com


10. The mysterious Bermuda Triangle is located in the Atlantic Ocean, where many reported ships and sailors have disappeared!

www.unmuseum.org

http://www.gotobermuda.com/uploadedImages/BermudaBlog/blog/Bermuda_BlogImage.png
www.gotobermuda.com


11. The ship, "Titanic" sank after hitting a huge iceberg in the Atlantic Ocean.

https://iwriteforkids.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/titanic_by_amadscientist.jpg
wordpress.com


12. The Indian Ocean is the home to many endangered animals such as turtles, seals and dugongs (also called, sea cows).

jotan23.blogspot.com


13. Oceans are the sole reason that humans can live! Most of the oxygen in the environment came from the early photosynthetic activities in the oceans.

http://www.wallpaperup.com/uploads/wallpapers/2014/09/01/432718/c65dad4324d6d4cd2944ad55b12fc68f.jpg
www.wallpaperup.com


14. Measuring above sea level, Mt. Everest is the highest mountain ever recorded at 29, 035 ft. But the actual highest mountain in the world, from base to summit, is Mauna Kea, in Hawaii at 33, 500 ft. This mountain has half of it's body submerged in the Pacific Ocean.

www.bbc.co.uk

15. The Electric Rays, Great White Sharks, Killer Whales and Saltwater Crocodiles are the top predators of the oceans in within their respective range.

www.tes.com



www.arkive.org



The ocean is a massive mystery for us to figure out and is still available to explore and discover! So why destroy it's beauty and peacefulness while we can conserve for the better?

Let's spread the words and together appreciate and love the world's oceans, not only on this specific date, but for the rest of our lives. We can donate to a lot of working organizations such as the Oceanic Society and the Ocean Conservancy.

Happy World Oceans Day!

References:

http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/various-ocean-pollution-facts.php

http://marinebio.org/marinebio/facts/

http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/facts.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater